Resources
Information used for the LAG report (2010-2015)
Relevant resources and information used frequently during the considerations of the Lead Ammunition Group.
- Guidelines for environmental risk assessment and management: Green Leaves III
Defra and the University of Cranfield
November 2011 - Lead dietary exposure in the European population
European Food Safety Authority
July 2012 - Habits and behaviours of high-level consumers of lead-shot wild-game meat in Scotland
Food Standards Agency
February 2012 - Advice to frequent eaters of game shot with lead
Food Standards Agency
October 2012 - Risk to human health from exposure to lead from lead bullets and shot used to shoot wild game animals
Food Standards Agency
October 2012 - The EFSA scientific opinion on lead in food
Food Standards Agency (Dr Diane Benford)
September 2010 - Review of evidence concerning the contamination of wildlife and the environment arising from the use of lead ammunition – report
Food and Environment Research Agency (Roger Quy)
April 2010 - Review of evidence concerning the contamination of wildlife and the environment arising from the use of lead ammunition – presentation
Food and Environment Research Agency (Roger Quy)
May 2010 - A systematic approach for evaluating the quality of experimental toxicological and ecotoxicological data
Klimisch, H. J. et al in Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 25, 1-5
February 1997 - Primary Evidence List
Lead Ammunition Group: Primary Evidence and Risk Assessment Subgroup
April 2014
New information
Published since submission of the Lead Ammunition Group Report in June 2015 of relevance to its conclusions
- Scavenging by Owls: A Global Review and New Observations from Europe and North America.
Allen, M. L., Ward, M. P., Južnič, D., & Krofel, M
Journal of Raptor Research, 2019 - Lesser White-fronted (Anser erythropus) and Greater White-fronted (A. albifrons) Geese wintering in Greek wetlands are not threatened by Pb through shot ingestion.
Aloupi, M., Kazantzidis, S., Akriotis, T., Bantikou, E., & Hatzidaki, V. O.
Science of the Total Environment, 2015 - Effects of lead shot ingestion on bone mineralization in a population of red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa).
Álvarez-Lloret, P., Rodríguez-Navarro, A. B., Romanek, C. S., Ferrandis, P., Martínez-Haro, M., & Mateo, R
Science of the Total Environment, 2014 - Disease surveillance in England and Wales.
APHA Disease Surveillance Report
Veterinary Record (Vol. 178, Issue 2), 2016 - The Common Pheasant: its status in the UK and the potential impacts of an abundant non-native.
Avery, M.
British Birds, 2019 - Assessment of bird exposure to lead at Tyndall and Beale Air Force Bases
Bargar, T. A.
U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report, 2019 - Lead contamination in tissues of large avian scavengers in south-central Europe
Bassi, E., Facoetti, R., Ferloni, M., Pastorino, A., Bianchi, A., Fedrizzi, G., Bertoletti, I., & Andreotti, A.
Science of the Total Environment, 2021 - Chronic lead exposure is epidemic in obligate scavenger populations in eastern North America.
Behmke, S., Fallon, J., Duerr, A. E., Lehner, A., Buchweitz, J., & Katzner, T.
Environment International, 2015 - Lead Poisoning in Waterbirds: International Update Report 2000.
Beintema, N.
2001 - Health Risks from Lead-Based Ammunition in the Environment - A Consensus Statement of Scientists.
Bellinger, D. C., Burger, J., Cade, T. J., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Finkelstein, M., Hu, H., Kosnett, M., Landrigan, P. J., Lanphear, B., Pokras, M. A., Redig, P. T., Rideout, B. A., Silbergeld, E., Wright, R., Smith, D. R.
Environmental Health perspectives, 2013 - Lead Poisoning as a Mortality Factor in Waterfowl Populations.
Bellrose, F. C.
Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, 1959 - Embedded lead shots in birds of prey: the hidden threat.
Berny, P. J., Mas, E., & Vey, D.
European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2017 - Vigilance Poison: Illegal poisoning and lead intoxication are the main factors affecting avian scavenger survival in the Pyrenees (France).
Berny, P., Vilagines, L., Cugnasse, J. M., Mastain, O., Chollet, J. Y., Joncour, G., & Razin, M.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2015 - Granular insecticides and birds: Factors to be considered in understanding exposure and reducing risk.
Best, L. B., & Fischer, D. L.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1992 - Relation of waterfowl poisoning to sediment lead concentrations in the Coeur d’Alene River Basin.
Beyer, W. N., Audet, D. J., Heinz, G. H., Hoffman, D. J., & Day, D.
Ecotoxicology, 2000 - Widespread ingestion of lead pellets by wild chukars in Northwestern Utah.
Bingham, R. J., Larsen, R. T., Bissonette, J. A., & Hall, J. O.
Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2015 - Lead isotope ratio measurements as indicators for the source of lead poisoning in Mute swans (Cygnus olor) wintering in Puck Bay (northern Poland).
Binkowski, Ł. J., Meissner, W., Trzeciak, M., Izevbekhai, K., & Barker, J.
Chemosphere, 2016 - Haliaeetus leucocephalus (bald eagle) and Aquila chrysaetos (golden eagle) mortality and exposure to lead, mercury, and anticoagulant rodenticides in eight western and midwestern States, 2014–17. Bodenstein, B. L., Lankton, J. S., Russell, R. E., & Schwarz, M. S.
Open-File Report, 2023 - Assessment of the LeadCare® plus for use on Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos).
Boesen, A. H., Thiel, A., Fuchs, B., Evans, A. L., Bertelsen, M. F., Rodushkin, I., & Arnemo, J. M.
Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2019 - First confirmed case of lead poisoning in the endangered Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in the Balkans.
Bounas, A., Ganoti, M., Giannakaki, E., Akrivos, A., Vavylis, D., Zorrilla, I., & Saravia, V.
Vulture News, 2018 - Low-level environmental metal pollution is associated with altered gut microbiota of a wild rodent, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus).
Brila, I., Lavrinienko, A., Tukalenko, E., Ecke, F., Rodushkin, I., Kallio, E. R., Mappes, T., & Watts, P. C.
Science of the Total Environment, 2021 - Lead exposure in American black bears increases with age and big game harvest density.
Brown, L., Rosabal, M., Dussault, C., Arnemo, J. M., Fuchs, B., Zedrosser, A., & Pelletier, F. Environmental Pollution, 2022 - Conservation efforts risk poisoning endangered New Zealand kea.
Buenz, E. J., & Parry, G. J.
Science of the Total Environment, 2019 - Incidence of lead shot ingestion in red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) in Great Britain.
Butler, D. A.
Veterinary Record, 2005 - Lead exposure in ring-necked pheasants on shooting estates in Great Britain.
Butler, D. A., Sage, R. B., Draycott, R. A. H., Carroll, J. P., & Potts, D.
Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2005 - Lead Poisoning Due to Lead-Pellet Ingestion in Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus) from the Iberian Peninsula.
Carneiro, M. A., Oliveira, P. A., Brandão, R., Francisco, O. N., Velarde, R., Lavín, S., & Colaço, B. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 2016 - Assessment of the exposure to heavy metals in Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) from the Iberian Peninsula.
Carneiro, M., Colaço, B., Brandão, R., Azorín, B., Nicolas, O., Colaço, J., Pires, M. J., Agustí, S., Casas-Díaz, E., Lavin, S., & Oliveira, P. A.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2015 - Biomonitoring of heavy metals (Cd, Hg, and Pb) and metalloid (As) with the Portuguese common buzzard (Buteo buteo).
Carneiro, M., Colaço, B., Brandão, R., Ferreira, C., Santos, N., Soeiro, V., Colaço, A., Pires, M. J., Oliveira, P. A., & Lavín, S.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2014 - European mammal exposure to lead from ammunition and fishing weight sources.
Chiverton, L., Cromie, R., & Kock, R.
Heliyon, 2022 - Wildlife and human health risks from lead-based ammunition in Europe: A Consensus Statement by Scientists.
CMS & UNEP
11th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties, 2014 - Quantitative assessment of bullet fragments in viscera of sheep carcasses as surrogates for white-tailed deer.
Cruz-Martinez, L., Grund, M. D., & Redig, P. T.
Human-Wildlife Interactions, 2015 - Lead shot in gizzards of ducks.
Danell, K., & Anderson, A.
Statens Naturvardsverk, 1975 - Terrestrial vertebrate toxicology in Australia: An overview of wildlife research.
Death, C. E., Griffiths, S. R., & Story, P. G.
Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health, 2019 - Lead Ammunition: understanding and minimising the risks to human and environmental health.
Delahay, R. J., & C.J., Spray.
Oxford Lead Symposium, December, 2014 - Lead poisoning in ducks: effects on the fertility and fecundity.
Del Bono, G., Braca, G., & Rindi, S.
Proceedings of the World Veterinary Congress, 1975 - Integrating active and passive monitoring to assess sublethal effects and mortality from lead poisoning in birds of prey.
Descalzo, E., Camarero, P. R., Sánchez-Barbudo, I. S., Martinez-Haro, M., Ortiz-Santaliestra, M. E., Moreno-Opo, R., & Mateo, R.
Science of the Total Environment, 2021 - Widespread Lead Exposure in Golden Eagles Captured in Montana.
Domenech, R., Shreading, A., Ramsey, P., & McTee, M.
Journal of Wildlife Management, 2021 - Conservation status and limiting factors in the endangered population of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in the Canary Islands.
Donázar, J. A., Palacios, C. J., Gangoso, L., Ceballos, O., González, M. J., & Hiraldo, F.
Biological Conservation, 2002 - Lead, cadmium, and other trace elements in the liver of golden eagles and white-tailed eagles: recent data from Poland and a systematic review of previous studies.
Durkalec, M. M., Nawrocka, A., Kitowski, I., Filipek, A., Sell, B., Kmiecik, M., & Jedziniak, P. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022 - Spatio-temporal variation of metals and organic contaminants in bank voles (Myodes glareolus). Ecke, F., Benskin, J. P., Berglund, Å. M. M., de Wit, C. A., Engström, E., Plassmann, M. M., Rodushkin, I., Sörlin, D., & Hörnfeldt, B.
Science of the Total Environment, 2020 - Sublethal Lead Exposure Alters Movement Behavior in Free-Ranging Golden Eagles.
Ecke, F., Singh, N. J., Arnemo, J. M., Bignert, A., Helander, B., Berglund, Å. M. M., Borg, H., Bröjer, C., Holm, K., Lanzone, M., Miller, T., Nordström, Å., Räikkönen, J., Rodushkin, I., Ågren, E., & Hörnfeldt, B.
Environmental Science and Technology, 2017 - Choroidal Vasculopathy and Retinal Detachment in a Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) with Lead Toxicosis.
Eid, R., Guzman, D. S. M., Keller, K. A., Wiggans, K. T., Murphy, C. J., Ladouceur, E. E. B., Keel, M. K., & Reilly, C. M.
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 2016 - Lead Hazards to Fish, Wildlife and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review.
Eisler, R.
1988 - Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment: Health Hazards to Humans, Plants, and Animals.
Eisler, R.
Lewis Publishers, 2000. - Lead poisoning in Swedish wildlife. Metals and Ecology.
Erne, K., & Borg, K.
Swedish Natural Science Council, Ecology Research Commissioners, 1969 - Effects of heavy metals on biomarkers for oxidative stress in Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus).
Espín, S., Martínez-López, E., Jiménez, P., María-Mojica, P., & García-Fernández, A. J. Environmental Research, 2014 - ECHA proposal under REACH Regulations: Restriction proposal on the use of lead gunshot in or over wetlands.
European Scientists’ Letter
2018 - Guidelines for evaluation and treatment of lead poisoning of wild raptors.
Fallon, J. A., Redig, P., Miller, T. A., Lanzone, M., & Katzner, T.
Wildlife Society Bulletin, 2017 - Lead exposure affects health indices in free-ranging ducks in Argentina.
Ferreyra, H., Beldomenico, P. M., Marchese, K., Romano, M., Caselli, A., Correa, A. I., & Uhart, M.
Ecotoxicology, 2015 - Lead gunshot pellet ingestion and tissue lead levels in wild ducks from Argentine hunting hotspots.
Ferreyra, H., Romano, M., Beldomenico, P., Caselli, A., Correa, A., & Uhart, M.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2014 - Lead exposure risk from trash ingestion by the endangered California condor (Gymnogyps californianus).
Finkelstein, M. E., Brandt, J., Sandhaus, E., Grantham, J., Mee, A., Schuppert, P. J., & Smith, D. R. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2015 - Lead poisoning and the deceptive recovery of the critically endangered California condor.
Finkelstein, M. E., Doak, D. F., George, D., Burnett, J., Brandt, J., Church, M., Grantham, J., & Smith, D. R.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2012 - Linking cases of illegal shootings of the endangered California condor using stable lead isotope analysis.
Finkelstein, M. E., Kuspa, Z. E., Welch, A., Eng, C., Clark, M., Burnett, J., & Smith, D. R.
Environmental Research, 2014 - Lead in Birds.
Franson, J. C., & Pain, D. J.
Environmental Contaminants in Biota: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations (2nd edition), 2011 - Lead and eagles: demographic and pathological characteristics of poisoning, and exposure levels associated with other causes of mortality.
Franson, J. C., & Russell, R. E.
Ecotoxicology, 2014 - Exposure, Effects and Absorption of Lead in American Woodcock (Scolopax minor): A Review.
French, A. D., Conway, W. C., Cañas-Carrell, J. E., & Klein, D. M.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2017 - Biological and Societal Dimensions of Lead Poisoning in Birds in the USA.
Friend, M.
2009 - Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases. General Field Procedures and Diseases of Birds. Information and Technology Report 01. US Department of the Interior and US Geological Survey.
Friend, M., & Franson, J. C.
1999 - Ingestion of Lead from Spent Ammunition: Implications for Wildlife and Humans.
Friend, M., Franson, J. C., & Anderson, W. L.
The Peregrine Fund, 2009 - High concentrations of lead (Pb) in blood and milk of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Scandinavia.
Fuchs, B., Thiel, A., Zedrosser, A., Brown, L., Hydeskov, H. B., Rodushkin, I., Evans, A. L., Boesen, A. H., Græsli, A. R., Kindberg, J., & Arnemo, J. M.
Environmental Pollution, 2021 - Long-term effects of lead poisoning on bone mineralization in vultures exposed to ammunition sources.
Gangoso, L., Álvarez-Lloret, P., Rodríguez-Navarro, A. A. B., Mateo, R., Hiraldo, F., & Donázar, J. A.
Environmental Pollution, 2009 - Acute and Chronic Lead Exposure in Four Avian Scavenger Species in Switzerland.
Ganz, K., Jenni, L., Madry, M. M., Kraemer, T., Jenny, H., & Jenny, D.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2018 - Association between hunting and elevated blood lead levels in the critically endangered African white-backed vulture Gyps africanus.
Garbett, R., Maude, G., Hancock, P., Kenny, D., Reading, R., & Amar, A.
Science of the Total Environment, 2018 - Conservation Letter: Lead Poisoning of Raptors.
Garvin, J. C., Slabe, V. A., & Cuadros Díaz, S. F.
Journal of Raptor Research, 2020a - Conservation Letter: Lead Poisoning of Raptors.
Garvin, J. C., Slabe, V. A., & Cuadros Díaz, S. F.
Journal of Raptor Research, 2020b - From sport hunting to breeding success: Patterns of lead ammunition ingestion and its effects on an endangered raptor.
Gil-Sánchez, J. M., Molleda, S., Sánchez-Zapata, J. A., Bautista, J., Navas, I., Godinho, R., García-Fernández, A. J., & Moleón, M.
Science of the Total Environment, 2018 - Evaluation of factors influencing grit use by birds.
Gionfriddo, J. P.
1994 - A review and assessment of spent lead ammunition and its exposure and effects to scavenging birds in the United States.
Golden, N. H., Warner, S. E., & Coffey, M. J.
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2016 - Levels of blood lead in Griffon vultures from a Wildlife Rehabilitation Center in Spain.
González, F., López, I., Suarez, L., Moraleda, V., & Rodríguez, C.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2017 - Male zebra finches exposed to lead (Pb) during development have reduced volume of song nuclei, altered sexual traits, and received less attention from females as adults.
Goodchild, C. G., Beck, M. L., VanDiest, I., Czesak, F. N., Lane, S. J., & Sewall, K. B.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021 - Lead poisoning from ingestion of fishing gear: A review.
Grade, T., Campbell, P., Cooley, T., Kneeland, M., Leslie, E., MacDonald, B., Melotti, J., Okoniewski, J., Parmley, E. J., Perry, C., Vogel, H., & Pokras, M.
Ambio, 2019 - Additional mortality rate of wildfowl caused by ingestion of lead shotgun pellets: A re-analysis of data from a 70-year-old field experiment on wild mallards anas platyrhynchos.
Green, R. E., & Pain, D. J.
Wildfowl, 2020 - Lead shot and teal (Anas crecca) in the Camargue, Southern France: Effects of embedded and ingested pellets on survival.
Guillemain, M., Devineau, O., Lebreton, J. D., Mondain-Monval, J. Y., Johnson, A. R., & Simon, G.
Biological Conservation, 2007 - The persistent problem of lead poisoning in birds from ammunition and fishing tackle.
Haig, S. M., D’Elia, J., Eagles-Smith, C., Fair, J. M., Gervais, J., Herring, G., Rivers, J. W., & Schulz, J. H.
Condor, 2014 - Animal welfare testing for shooting and darting free-ranging wildlife: A review and recommendations. Hampton, J. O., Arnemo, J. M., Barnsley, R., Cattet, M., Daoust, P. Y., Denicola, A. J., Eccles, G., Fletcher, D., Hinds, L. A., Hunt, R., Portas, T., Stokke, S., Warburton, B., & Wimpenny, C.
Wildlife Research, 2021 - Heads in the sand: Public health and ecological risks of lead-based bullets for wildlife shooting in Australia.
Hampton, J. O., Laidlaw, M., Buenz, E., & Arnemo, J. M.
Wildlife Research, 2018 - Portable X-ray fluorescence for bone lead measurements of Australian eagles.
Hampton, J. O., Specht, A. J., Pay, J. M., Pokras, M. A., & Bengsen, A. J.
Science of the Total Environment, 2021 - Ingestion of lead from ammunition and lead concentrations in white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) in Sweden.
Helander, B., Axelsson, J., Borg, H., Holm, K., & Bignert, A.
Science of the Total Environment, 2009 - Major lead exposure from hunting ammunition in eagles from Sweden.
Helander, B., Krone, O., Räikkönen, J., Sundbom, M., Ågren, E., & Bignert, A.
Science of the Total Environment, 2021 - Temporal Changes in Concentrations of Lead and Other Trace Metals in Free-Ranging Eurasian Eagle Owls Bubo bubo in Sweden.
Helander, B., Sundbom, M., Runkel, A. A., & Bignert, A.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2019 - The lead (Pb) lining of agriculture-related subsidies: enhanced Golden Eagle growth rates tempered by Pb exposure.
Herring, G., Eagles-Smith, C. A., Buck, J. A., Shiel, A. E., Vennum, C. R., Emery, C., Johnson, B., Leal, D., Heath, J. A., Dudek, B. M., Preston, C. R., & Woodbridge, B.
Ecosphere, 2020 - Small-Mammal Shooting as a Conduit for Lead Exposure in Avian Scavengers.
Herring, G., Eagles-Smith, C. A., Goodell, J., Buck, J. A., & Willacker, J. J.
Environmental Science & Technology, 2021 - Ground squirrel shooting and potential lead exposure in breeding avian scavengers.
Herring, G., Eagles-Smith, C. A., & Wagner, M. T.
PLoS ONE, 2016 - Lead poisoning in Norwegian waterfowl (author’s transl).
Holt, G., Frøslie, A., & Norheim, G.
Nordisk Veterinaermedicin, 1978 - Acute lead poisoning in a griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) in Israel.
Horowitz, I. H., Yanco, E., Nadler, R. V., Anglister, N., Landau, S., Elias, R., Lublin, A., Perl, S., Edery, N., & Rosenzweig, A. B.
Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2014 - High lead exposure and clinical signs of toxicosis in wild Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) from a World Heritage site: Lake St Lucia estuarine system, South Africa.
Humphries, M., Myburgh, J., Campbell, R., & Combrink, X.
Chemosphere, 2022 - Concentration of Trace Elements in Raptors from Three Regions of Slovakia, Central Europe.
Hurníková, Z., Komorová, P., Šalamún, P., Miklisová, D., Chovancová, G., & Miterpáková, M.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2021 - Further investigation of lead exposure as a potential threatening process for a scavenging marsupial species.
Hutchinson, D., Jones, E., Pay, J., Clarke, J., Lohr, M., & Hampton, J.
Australian Veterinary Journal, 2023 - Current situation regarding lead exposure in birds in Japan (2015–2018); lead exposure is still occurring.
Ishii, C., Ikenaka, Y., Nakayama, S. M. M., Kuritani, T., Nakagawa, M., Saito, K., Watanabe, Y., Ogasawara, K., Onuma, M., Haga, A., & Ishizuka, M.
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 2020 - Lead exposure in raptors from Japan and source identification using Pb stable isotope ratios.
Ishii, C., Nakayama, S. M. M., Ikenaka, Y., Nakata, H., Saito, K., Watanabe, Y., Mizukawa, H., Tanabe, S., Nomiyama, K., Hayashi, T., & Ishizuka, M.
Chemosphere, 2017 - Lead poisoning and other human-related factors cause significant mortality in white-tailed eagles. Isomursu, M., Koivusaari, J., Stjernberg, T., Hirvelä-Koski, V., & Venäläinen, E. R.
Ambio, 2018 - The frequency distribution of lead concentration in feathers, blood, bone, kidney and liver of golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos: Insights into the modes of uptake.
Jenni, L., Madry, M. M., Kraemer, T., Kupper, J., Naegeli, H., Jenny, H., & Jenny, D.
Journal of Ornithology, 2015 - Brains of native and alien mesocarnivores in biomonitoring of toxic metals in Europe.
Kalisinska, E., Lanocha-Arendarczyk, N., Kosik-Bogacka, D., Budis, H., Podlasinska, J., Popiolek, M., Pirog, A., & Jedrzejewska, E.
PLoS ONE, 2016 - Lead and Other Trace Elements in Danish Birds of Prey.
Kanstrup, N., Chriél, M., Dietz, R., Søndergaard, J., Balsby, T. J. S., & Sonne, C.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2019 - Origins of lead in populations of raptors.
Katzner, T. E., Stuber, M. J., Slabe, V. A., Anderson, J. T., Cooper, J. L., Rhea, L. L., & Millsap, B. A. Animal Conservation, 2018 - Are Mute Swans with Elevated Blood Lead Levels More Likely to Collide with Overhead Power Lines?
Kelly, A., & Kelly, S.
Waterbirds, 2005 - Assessing Lead Exposure in Free-Ranging Gray Wolves (Canis lupus) in Minnesota, USA.
Kelly, J., Carstensen, M., Hildebrand, E. C., & Long, L.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2021 - Lead poisoning and heavy metal exposure of golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) from the European Alps.
Kenntner, N., Crettenand, Y., Fünfstück, H. J., Janovsky, M., & Tataruch, F.
Journal of Ornithology, 2007 - Heavy metals in soft tissue of white-tailed eagles found dead or moribund in Germany and Austria from 1993 to 2000.
Kenntner, N., Tataruch, F., & Krone, O.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2001 - Concentrations of lead and other elements in the liver of the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), a European flagship species, wintering in Eastern Poland.
Kitowski, I., Jakubas, D., Wiącek, D., & Sujak, A.
Ambio, 2017 - Trace element concentrations in livers of Common Buzzards Buteo buteo from eastern Poland.
Kitowski, I., Jakubas, D., Wiącek, D., Sujak, A., & Pitucha, G.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2017 - Implications for wildlife and humans of dietary exposure to lead from fragments of lead rifle bullets in deer shot in the UK.
Knott, J., Gilbert, J., Hoccom, D. G., & Green, R. E.
Science of the Total Environment, 2010 - Lead Toxicosis in a Southern Ground Hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in South Africa.
Koeppel, K. N., & Kemp, L. V.
Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 2015 - Lead (Pb) in the tissues of anatidae, ardeidae, sternidae and laridae of the northern hemisphere: A review of environmental studies.
Korbecki, J., Gutowska, I., Chlubek, D., & Baranowska-Bosiacka, I.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019 - Mortality factors, helminth burden, and contaminant residues in white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) from Finland.
Krone, O., Stjernberg, T., Kenntner, N., Tataruch, F., Koivusaari, J., & Nuuja, I.
Ambio, 2006 - Lead Exposure in the Critically Endangered Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) Population in Southern Africa.
Krüger, S. C., & Amar, A.
Journal of Raptor Research, 2018 - Lead and Mercury in Fall Migrant Golden Eagles from Western North America.
Langner, H. W., Domenech, R., Slabe, V. A., & Sullivan, S. P.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2015 - Breeding habitat, nest-site characteristics and productivity of the little eagle (Hieraaetus morphnoides) near Armidale, New South Wales.
Larkin, C., Jenkins, R., McDonald, P. G., & Debus, S. J. S.
Pacific Conservation Biology, 2020 - Metal(loid) exposure assessment and biomarker responses in captive and free-ranging European brown bear (Ursus arctos).
Lazarus, M., Orct, T., Sergiel, A., Vranković, L., Marijić, V. F., Rašić, D., Reljić, S., Aladrović, J., Zwijacz-Kozica, T., Zięba, F., Jurasović, J., Erk, M., Maślak, R., Selva, N., & Huber, Đ.
Environmental Research, 2020 - High risk of lead contamination for scavengers in an area with high moose hunting success. Legagneux, P., Suffice, P., Messier, J. S., Lelievre, F., Tremblay, J. A., Maisonneuve, C., Saint-Louis, R., & Bêty, J.
PLoS ONE, 2014 - Influence of snowfall on blood lead levels of free-flying bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) in the upper Mississippi river valley.
Lindblom, R. A., Reichart, L. M., Mandernack, B. A., Solensky, M., Schoenebeck, C. W., & Redig, P. T.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2017 - Blood lead and zinc levels and their impact on health of free-living small carnivores in Taiwan, Republic of China.
Liu, C. C., Chi, C. H., Yen, S. C., Liu, J. N., Ju, Y. Ten, Kang, C. L., Chang, C. H., & Yu, P. H.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2020 - Lead poisoning of waterfowl and raptors.
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Noninfectious diseases of wildlife, Iowa State University Press (2nd ed.), 1996 - Completing a worldwide picture: preliminary evidence of lead exposure in a scavenging bird from mainland Australia.
Lohr, M. T., Hampton, J. O., Cherriman, S., Busetti, F., & Lohr, C.
Science of the Total Environment, 2020 - Lead concentrations in antlers of European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from an agricultural area in Northern Germany over a 119-year period—a historical biomonitoring study.
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UNEP
2014 - Review and Guidelines to Prevent the Risk of Poisoning of Migratory Birds.
UNEP
2014 - Lead exposure in common shelduck (Tadorna tadorna): Tracking the success of the Pb shot ban for hunting in Spanish wetlands.
Valverde, I., Espín, S., Navas, I., María-Mojica, P., Gil, J. M., & García-Fernández, A. J.
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2019 - Shooting habits and habitats- effects of education and legislation on the phasing out of lead shot.
Widemo, F.
Environmental Science and Policy, 2021
2013
- Correction: Monitoring of Pb Exposure in Waterfowl Ten Years after a Mine Spill through the Use of Noninvasive Sampling
Martinez-Haro M, Taggart MA, Lefranc H, Martín-Doimeadiós RC, Green AJ, Mateo R
PLOS ONE, 2013
2012
- Common Loon (Gavia immer) mortality from lead weight ingestion in coastal Texas
Stoddart E, Brooks DM
Bulletin of the Texas ornithological society, 2012 - Lead concentration in meat from lead-killed moose and predicted human exposure using Monte Carlo simulation
Lindboe M, Henrichsen EN, Høgåsen HR, Bernhoft A
Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2012
2011
- Identifying sources of Pb exposure in waterbirds and effects on porphyrin metabolism using noninvasive fecal sampling
Martinez-Haro M, Taggart MA, Martín-Doimeadiøs RR, Green AJ, Mateo R
Environ Sci Technol., 2011
2009
- Lead toxicity to wildlife: Derivation of a critical blood concentration for wildlife monitoring based on literature data
Buekers J, Redeker ES, Smolders E
Science of The Total Environment, 2009
2006
- Altered porphyrin excretion and histopathology of greylag geese (Anser anser) exposed to soil contaminated with lead and arsenic in the guadalquivir marshes, southwestern Spain
Mateo R, Taggart MA, Green AJ, Cristòfol C, Ramis A, Lefranc H, Figuerola J, Meharg A
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2006
2003
- Pancreatitis in wild zinc-poisoned waterfowl
Sileo L, Beyer WN, Mateo R
Avian Pathology, 2003
1983
- The incidence and significance of ingested lead pellet poisoning in British wildfowl
Mudge GP
Biological Conservation, 1983
Other lag resources
The lead ammunition group welcomes new insights and opinions on the evidence above
We welcome new sources of information, especially peer reviewed studies and reports from around the world. Information based on direct personal experience of using non-lead ammunition is also of interest to us. Please use the form below to give precise references and sources of new information if possible. Please note that although we will read all comments we may not be able to reply to all.
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